Preulation- Goals, Objective and Physicochemical properties of drug substance

Introduction to Preulation

Preulation is first phase in the ulation of new dosage a new drug substance. When new drug is discovered, it needs to be restructured into the appropriate dosage to produce desired action at a particular site. Preulation is a study of physical and chemical properties of the drug substance alone or with the excipients, in order to develop a safe, stable and effective dosage . In this article we will study goals, objective and physicochemical properties of drug substances.

Objectives of preulation

• To develop the stable, safe, effective and affordable dosage .
• To understand physicochemical parameters of new drug before mew dosage development.
• To check compatibility of new drug
• To generate useful ination for design of optimum drug delivery system.

Goals of preulation

• To establish physicochemical properties of new drug substance.
• To establish kinetic rate profile.
• To establish compatibility with other common excipients.
• To choose correct drug substance.

Study of physicochemical characteristics of drug substances

Preulation is important step before the ulation. Every drug substance has unique physical and chemical properties, which should be considered before the development of new safe, stable and effective dosage . Inappropriate preulation data can lead to poor stability of drug substance and increase overall cost and time for drug development.

Hence it is very important to study physicochemical properties of drug substance before the development of new dosage .

Physical properties

The physical properties of new drug substance include;

• Physical (crystal & amorphous)
• Particle size
• Particle shape
• Flow properties
• Solubility profile (pKa, pH and partition coefficient)
• polymorphism

Physical (crystalline & amorphous)

Crystal habit and internal structure affect the physicochemical property of molecule. Crystal habit is the outer appearance of chemical compound. Internal structure is the molecular arrangement within the solid.

Change in internal structure alters the habit of chemical compound. For example, conversion of sodium salt to its free acid , changes both in internal structure and internal habit.

There are two types of chemical compound based on there internal structure one is crystalline and second is amorphous.

Difference between crystalline and amorphous s

Sr. no	Crystalline s	Amorphous s
1	Crystalline s have fixed internal structure	Amorphous s do not have fixed internal structure
2	More stable compare to its amorphous s	Less stable compare to its crystalline s
3	Has lesser thermodynamic energy as compared to its amorphous s	Has more thermodynamic energy as compared to its crystalline s
4	Has lesser solubility compared to its amorphous s	Has more solubility compared to its crystalline s
5	Crystalline s have less tendency to change its during storage	Amorphous s have more tendency to change to more stable s during storage

Polymorphism

When a chemical substance exists more than one crystalline accordance to its in, the various s of substance called as polymorphs and this phenomenon is known as polymorphism.

Polymorphs are categorised as stable, metastable and unstable s based on their thermodynamic stability.

Properties of polymorphs

Properties of polymorphs	Stable	Metastable	Unstable
Packing arrangement	Tightly packed	Less tightly packed	Loosely packed
Melting point	Highest	Moderate	Lowest
Dissolution rate	Lowest	Moderate	Highest

Classification of polymorphs

Polymorphs are classified in two types;

• Enantiotropic
• Monotropic

Enantiotropic polymorph

The polymorph which changed from one to another on change in thermodynamic conditions called as Enantiotropic polymorph.

Monotropic polymorph

The polymorph which is unstable at all temperature and pressure conditions is called as Monotropic polymorph.

Molecular adduct

Molecular adduct is complex ed by the interaction of a drug molecule with another molecule of compound. The interaction may occur between drug and excipients, impurities or other substances used in ulation.

During the process of crystallisation some substances have a tendency to trap the solvent molecule which lattice.

There are two types of molecular adducts.

Non-stoichiometric inclusion compound

In this crystal solvent molecules are entrapped within the crystal lattice and the number of solvent molecules is not included in stoichiometric number. Depend on the shape they are categorized in three types,

• Channel: In this solvent molecule gets trapped between continuous crystal channels.

• Layers: In this solvent molecule is get trapped between layers of crystals.

• Clathrates (cage): In this solvent molecule get trapped within the cavity of the crystal.

Stoichiometric inclusion compound

In this crystal solvent molecules are entrapped within the crystal lattice and the number of solvent molecules have stoichiometric number.

If the entrapped solvent is water, then the ed complex is called as hydrates. If the entrapped solvent is other than water then complex is called as solvates. Depend on the ratio of water molecule within a complex they are categorised as,

• Anhydrous: 1 mole compound + 0 mole water
• Semi hydrate: 1 mole compound + ½ mole water
• Mono hydrate: 1 mole compound + 1 mole water
• Dihydrate: 1 mole compound + 2 mole water

Properties of solvates/hydrates

• Anhydrous of chemical substance has more aqueous solubility compare to its hydrates, because hydrates are already in equilibrium with water.
• Non aqueous solvates have more water solubility than the non-solvates.

Particle size

Particle size is a term used to compare the dimensions of solid particles (flecks), liquid particles (droplets), or gas particles (bubbles).

Particle size affects the various properties of chemical substance, like Dissolution rate, Solubility, Bioavailability, Lack of grittiness, Content uniity and Penetrability.

To enhance the absorption rate of poorly soluble drug molecule, particle size should be reduced. Which also enhances bioavailability of drug.

In solid dosage s, particle size affects the various manufacturing processes like mixing, granulation, blending, encapsulation and compression.

In liquid dosage s, particle size affects the stability and quality of ulation. For example, small size particle can lead to unstable system and large size particle can lead to cacking.

Methods used to determine particle size

• Sieving
• Microscopy
• Sedimentation rate
• Coulter counter method
• Light energy diffraction
• Laser holography

Particle shape

Based on the shape, particles are divided into two groups,

• Symmetrical particles: The particles having specific crystal shape and easy to express in term of their diameter is known as symmetrical particles.
• Asymmetrical particles: The particle which do not have specific crystal shape known as asymmetrical particles.

Different types of particle shape

• Acicular – needle shaped
• Angular – sharp edged
• Crystalline – geometric shape
• Dendritic – branched crystalline shape
• Spherical – round shape
• Granular equidimensional irregular shape

Flow properties of powders

Flow properties of powder are very important in manufacturing processes of dosage s. Powders may be free flowing or cohesive. Uneven powder flow can result in manufacturing defects like capping and lamination.

Evaluation parameters of powder flowability

• Carr’s compressibility index
• Hausner ratio
• Angle of repose

Factors affecting flow properties of powders

• Particle size and distribution
• Particle shape and texture
• Surface forces

Methods to improve flow properties

• Alteration of particle size and distribution
• Alteration of particle shape and texture
• Alteration of surface forces
• Addition of flow activators

Solubility profile

Solubility profile of a drug is a vital part of preulation. It helps to obtain a suitable solution of a drug for therapeutic action. When a drug enters in a systemic circulation, first solvent it counters is water. So, in order to show therapeutic action a drug must possess aqueous solubility.

General terms of solubility

Term	Parts of solvent per 1 part of solute
Very soluble	Less than 1 part
Freely soluble	1 – 10
Soluble	10 – 30
Sparingly soluble	30 – 100
Slightly soluble	100 – 1000
Very insoluble	1000 – 10000
Insoluble/ practically insoluble	More than 10000

Solubilization

Solubilization is the process by which solubility of a poorly soluble substance is increased by the help of surfactants.

Methods to improve solubility

• Addition of cosolvent
• Change in pH
• Reduction of particle size
• Change in temperature
• Hydrotrophy
• Addition of surfactant
• Dielectric constant
• Complexation

Chemical properties

Many chemical properties of the drug substance is determined in preulation which includes,

• Hydrolysis
• Oxidation
• Reduction
• Racemisation
• Polymerization

Hydrolysis

In this process drug molecule reacts with the water which results in splitting of chemical bonds in drug molecule. Hydrolysis process happens at a faster rate if the drug molecule contains an ester or amide functional group.

Factors affecting hydrolysis

• Presence of hydroxyl ion
• Presence of hydride ion
• Presence of divalent ion
• Solution polarity
• Drug concentration
• Heat
• Light

Oxidation

Oxidation is very common pathway for drug degradation. Most of the drug molecules will undergo oxidative degradation due to the presence of atmospheric oxygen or auto oxidation by the free radicals.

Oxidation is the process of gaining oxygen and loosing of hydrogen and/or electrons.

Factors affecting oxidation process

• Oxygen concentration
• Light
• Temperature
• Hydrogen and hydroxyl ion

Reduction

Reduction is the process of loosing an oxygen and gaining of hydrogen and/or electron.

Factors affecting reduction

• Light
• Temperature
• Hydrogen and hydroxyl ion
• Presence of other reactants
• Solvent

Racemisation

Racemisation is the process of conversion of optically active (racemic) compound into optically inactive compound. Racemisation results in a mixture which contains 1:1 molar ratio of enantiomers. This mixture is referred as racemic mixture. This mixture contains equal amount of dextrorotatory (+) and laevorotatory (-) enantiomers.

The interconversion of one isomer to another alters its pharmacokinetic properties which affects the pharmacological and toxicological effects.

Polymerisation

Polymerisation is the process in which small molecules called monomer reacts together in a chemical reaction to produce a large chainlike or network molecule called polymer. For example, darkening of glucose is due to polymerisation.

Conclusion

Preulation is a study of physical and chemical properties of the new drug substance alone or with the excipients, in order to develop a safe, stable and effective dosage .

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