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Alzheimer\’s Disease: Understanding Its Pathophysiology, Causes, Risk Factors, Treatment, and Prevention
Alzheimer\’s Disease: Understanding Its Pathophysiology, Causes, Risk Factors, Treatment, and Prevention Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects memory, cognitive functions, and behavior. It is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases globally. With an aging population, Alzheimer’s has become a major public health concern,…
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Amlodipine: Pharmacology, Mechanism of Action, Therapeutic Uses, and Clinical Guidelines
Amlodipine: Pharmacology, Mechanism of Action, Therapeutic Uses, and Clinical Guidelines Introduction Amlodipine is a widely prescribed antihypertensive agent belonging to the dihydropyridine class of calcium channel blockers (CCBs). It is primarily used to manage hypertension and angina pectoris, both stable and vasospastic types. Amlodipine is renowned for its long duration of action, allowing for once-daily…
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Cinitapride: A Comprehensive Guide to Uses, Mechanism, Pharmacology, Side Effects, and Clinical Relevance
Cinitapride: A Comprehensive Guide to Uses, Mechanism, Pharmacology, Side Effects, and Clinical Relevance Introduction Cinitapride is a gastroprokinetic and antiemetic drug widely used in the management of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), functional dyspepsia, and delayed gastric emptying. Belonging to the class of substituted benzamides, cinitapride acts primarily through modulation…
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Understanding Diagnostic Tests for Dengue: Methods, Accuracy, and Importance
Understanding Diagnostic Tests for Dengue: Methods, Accuracy, and Importance Introduction Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection that has emerged as a significant public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions across the globe. Caused by the dengue virus (DENV), which has four distinct serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4), the disease is transmitted primarily by the…
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Cetirizine: A Comprehensive Overview
Cetirizine: A Comprehensive Overview Introduction Cetirizine is a second-generation antihistamine widely used to alleviate symptoms associated with allergic conditions such as hay fever, urticaria (hives), and allergic rhinitis. As a selective antagonist of peripheral H1 receptors, it offers effective relief from allergic symptoms with minimal sedative effects compared to first-generation antihistamines. This article provides an…
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Widal Test: A Comprehensive Guide to Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever
Widal Test: A Comprehensive Guide to Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever Introduction Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a systemic infection caused primarily by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. It remains a significant public health concern, especially in developing countries with inadequate sanitation and limited access to clean water. Early and accurate diagnosis…
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Albendazole
Albendazole Introduction Albendazole is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic medication belonging to the benzimidazole class. It is widely used to treat various parasitic worm infestations by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of helminths. Due to its efficacy and safety profile, Albendazole is included in the World Health Organization\’s List of Essential Medicines. Chemical structure Key Chemical Ination:…
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Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Introduction A Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a fundamental blood test that assesses key parameters such as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of various medical conditions. It plays a crucial role in clinical practice by detecting infections, anemia, blood disorders, and immune-related diseases…
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Amoxicillin
Introduction Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine, offering powerful tools to combat bacterial infections and save countless lives. Among them, Amoxicillin stands out as one of the most widely used and trusted antibiotics, thanks to its effectiveness, broad-spectrum activity, and favorable safety profile. As a member of the penicillin class, Amoxicillin works by inhibiting bacterial cell…
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Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents Neuromuscular blocking agents are a vital class of drugs used in modern medicine, particularly in anesthesia and critical care. These agents play a crucial role in facilitating surgeries and various medical procedures by inducing muscle relaxation, thereby improving patient outcomes and surgical conditions. Understanding the pharmacology, mechanisms, and clinical applications of neuromuscular…
